World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention (UNESCO), Paris, France, 2Nanectis Biotechnologies, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 3
Sezione INFN,
Milano, Italy (retired), 4
Centro Studi Eva Reich, Milano, Italy, 5
Chronix Biomedical, GmbH, Go¨ttingen, Germany, 6Dipartimento di Fisica E.R.
Caianiello Universita` di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy, 7
INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy, 8Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie,
Universita` del Sannio, Benevento, Italy, 9
SPIN-CNR, Universita` di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy, and 10WHITE Holographic Bioresonance, Milano, Italy
The experimental conditions by which electromagnetic signals (EMS) of low frequency can
be emitted by diluted aqueous solutions of some bacterial and viral DNAs are described.
That the recorded EMS and nanostructures induced in water carry the DNA information
(sequence) is shown by retrieval of that same DNA by classical PCR amplification using the TAQ
polymerase, including both primers and nucleotides. Moreover, such a transduction process
has also been observed in living human cells exposed to EMS irradiation. These experiments
suggest that coherent long-range molecular interaction must be present in water to observe
the above-mentioned features. The quantum field theory analysis of the phenomenon is
presented in this article.
History: Received 27 January 2015, Accepted 27 March 2015, Published online 9 June 2015
This paper is an overview of what we have achieved during
the past 10 years in this new field of Biology: the role of water
memory and electromagnetic waves in biological processes,
including pathological conditions. The reported data are not
only of theoretical interest, but also lead to many medical
applications.
This work could not have been done and analyzed without
the constant interaction of biologists and physicists. The
quantum field theoretical analysis of the phenomenon points
to the crucial role played by coherent molecular dynamics.
Electromagnetic signaling of DNA
The detection of electromagnetic signals
On 13 July 2005 (the eve of Bastille Day in France), using a
device previously designed by the Jacques Benveniste team to
detect electromagnetic signals (EMS) in water dilutions of
biologically active compounds, and with the help of one of his
former collaborators, Dr. Jamal Aı¨ssa, two of us (LM, JA)
observed for the first time an increase in amplitude and
frequency of the recorded electric signals emitted by some
high dilutions of filtrates of bacteria (Mycoplasma pirum, then Escherichia coli). This was the beginning of an extensive
investigation on the role and the molecular origin of this new
phenomenon (Montagnier et al., 2009a,b, 2011).
We soon discovered that DNA was the main source of the
initiation of EMS in water. In contrast to the fresh preparation
of biological fluids (blood plasma, culture media) which lose
their capacity of inducing EMS in water upon freezing, DNA
could be extracted from frozen material without losing its
EMS capacity
In fact, as we will see further, this property of some
bacterial and viral DNA sequences of emitting EMS is like an
indelible tag, and is faithfully transmitted to water structures.
The bacterial species with pathological potential cultured in
standard growth media yield DNA with EMS capacity.
However, we noticed that one apathogenic strain of E. coli
used for DNA cloning lacks this capacity as does a probiotic
bacterium (Lactobacillus).
Figure 1. Measuring EMS in water decimal dilutions of DNA. In yellow, dilutions emitting EMS; bottom: recording of EMS in milliseconds.
In the measurement room, cell phones should be turned
off (battery removed) as some phones are regulated by
low-frequency signals.
The diversity of the DNA sequences emitting EMS does not
indicate any clue as to attribute this EMS emission property to
specific sequences. However, we have studied an interesting
situation in the case of HIV-infected patients: here, besides
EMS produced by HIV DNA (nanostructures filtering at
20 nm pores), we detected EMS filtering at 100 nm pores and
retained at 20 nm pores produced by DNA of an intracellular
bacterium present in red blood cells. Surprisingly, these
‘‘bacterial’’ EMS were found to be produced in part by
human DNA sequences integrated in or strongly associated with the bacterial DNA. The same DNA sequences belonging
to the chromosomal genome of the same patient never
produced EMS.
Figure 2. Scheme of DNA transmission through EMS and water
nanostructures (naneons).
Moreover, the same sequence was found in the red blood
cells of some healthy individuals, HIV negative; but in these
HIV negative individuals, this sequence did not to emit
signals. This would indicate that the modification of this DNA
resulting in EMS emission occurred only under pathogenic
conditions. This modification was maintained in all molecules
derived by PCR amplification (amplicon).
As EMS are so far only detected in patients suffering of
various chronic diseases, it is tempting to speculate that there
is a common biochemical modification of the DNA of
infectious bacteria and/or viruses present in such diseases.
This modification, which remains to be determined, should be
different from a base change (mutation), since there is no
difference in the base sequence of the previously mentioned
amplicons in deceased patients, compared to healthy
individuals.
Water nanostructures and EMS do carry DNA
information
Our formerly reported experiments (Figure 2) (Montagnier
et al., 2009) indicate that the ability of EMS production can
be transmitted from tube 1 containing an emitter DNA
dilution to tube 2 of ‘‘naive’’ water, provided the system is
excited overnight by electromagnetic waves of a minimal
frequency of 7 Hz. Presumably tube 1 transmits waves to the
water in tube 2, which did not originally contain any trace of
the DNA at the origin of the signals.
The emission of EMS by the exposed tubes is thus a
resonance phenomenon, dependent on external wave input.
More importantly, these EMS carry specific information of
the initial DNA, as shown by retrieving the DNA by PCR in
the recipient tube.
This experiment has been repeated many times in our
laboratory, with extraordinary precautions taken to avoid
contamination in the PCR step, and many controls were
always done. Omission of any of the main parameters of the
procedure (7 Hz excitation, mu metal shield, time of exposure
to the 7 Hz excitation, any ingredient of the PCR) as well as
any minor detail of the protocol will result in failure of the
experiment.
To further make the demonstration unassailable, the EMS
carrying the DNA information were recorded as a digital file and sent via Internet to a recipient laboratory where work on
this DNA or on the bacterium or virus which was the source
of that DNA had never been done (Figure 3). Several labs in
Italy and Germany accepted the challenge.
L. Montagnier et al:
Figure 3. Digital transmission of DNA EMS to a distant laboratory.
Figure 4. Gel electrophoresis of Borrelia 16S DNA amplified by PCR
from a water tube having received the DNA specific EMS (through
computer, sound card and amplifier, not shown in this figure).
Here, as an example, we show the results obtained at
Go¨ttingen University using a recorded file (digitized in a lap
top computer in our laboratory) of ribosomal 16S DNA from
Borrelia burgdorferi (Figure 4).
In the German laboratory, the electric current resulting
from the digital file communicated by our laboratory was
converted to analog and was amplified. The current was then
connected to a solenoid. A tube of water was inserted in the
solenoid and in this way was submitted to the induced
modulated magnetic field for one hour. Then the PCR
ingredients were introduced in an aliquot of water from the
tube, and after 40 PCR cycles of amplification the original
DNA was detected, as shown by a specific band in gel
electrophoresis of the expected molecular weight.
These intriguing results raised several questions:
(1) How a DNA polymerase (the TAQ polymerase of a
thermophilic bacterium) can ‘‘read’’ a genetic code on
water structures?
(2) What about other DNA polymerases of procaryotic
and eucaryotic cells? Do they have the same capacity?
Although still at its early stages, the theoretical study of
how water structures can store molecular information and
transport it by electromagnetic waves plays a crucial role to
the coherent molecular dynamics in the formation of water
nanostructures (see further and Montagnier et al. (2011)). We need, however, further theoretical analysis for a complete
understanding of the phenomenon, especially because we
have recent evidence that some other DNA polymerases have
the same capacity as the TAQ polymerase to read water
messages and can act in living cells.
Figure 5. Scheme of transmission of Borrelia 16S DNA through EMS
and naneons into U937 or HL60 cells
Transduction of DNA in living cells
The modified DNA transduction system is shown in Figure 5.
Instead of magnetizing water in a tube placed inside a
solenoid reading the modulated current from the recorded
EMS signature, we placed a flask containing cultured cells
inside the solenoid; the flask was placed in a vertical position
for cells growing in suspension, and in a horizontal position
for cells adhering to the surface of the flask. The voltage
(between 2 and 4 volts) applied to the solenoid was adjusted
in order to not generate heat damaging the cultured cells. This
weak intensity was compensated by the duration time of
exposure, between 5 and 10 days. A control flask was always
placed outside the solenoid in the same 37 C incubator as the
exposed flask.
We used several recorded EMS files, including the 16S
Borrelia and the 194 bp HIV1 LTR amplicon all having been
previously shown to be good at transducing their DNA
through water.
We tested several immortalized human cell lines derived
from leukemias, or cancers: the HL60, originated from a
myeloblastic leukemia, the U937, derived from a lung
lymphoma, the MCF7, derived from a breast adenocarcinoma.
In addition, we tested normal cells: the MRC5 diploid
fibroblast cell line, derived from the lung of a human embryo,
T lymphocytes from a healthy blood donor activated with
PHA, and interleukin 2.
Results were striking: all cells of tumor origin synthesized
Borrelia 16S DNA after they were exposed for several days to
magnetic field modulated by the EMS of Borellia 16S DNA.
At the same time, cell growth was inhibited, ending in cell death. DNA was extracted from the dying cells and the
Borrelia amplicon was detected by PCR and its sequence was
found to be identical to its original version.
Remarkably the resulting amplicon was found to be EMS
emitter, showing that this initial property was not lost during
the complex transmission of DNA information. The normal
differentiated MRC5 cells and the T lymphocytes were not
affected in their growth under the same culture conditions and
the Borrelia amplicon could not be detected in these cells
(Figure 5). The 194 bp HIV LTR amplicon had no effect on
the tumor cells.
These preliminary results indicate that the tumoral cell
lines so far investigated do possess the enzymatic ability of
reading the water nanostructures carrying the DNA information. It remains to be determined whether or not normal
embryonic totipotent stem cells have the same ability to read
the DNA sequence signals.
Theoretical analysis
In the previous section we have reported the experimental
observation that EMS can be emitted by diluted aqueous
solutions of bacterial and viral DNA under proper conditions.
Moreover, it has been observed that duplication of the
emitting DNA segment can be obtained using pure water
exposed to the corresponding DNA EMS and, upon the
addition of enzymes, primers, etc., submitted to PCR cycles.
Such a transduction process has been observed to occur also
in EMS exposed living cells of tumoral origin. These
experimental observations suggest that long-range molecular
interaction must be present in water to observe the abovementioned properties. Indeed, since in the transduction
process the high level of sequential ordering among several
hundreds of nucleotides entering the transduced DNA chain is
obtained, we can clearly observe the presence of collective
molecular dynamical behavior of water. In quantum field
theory (QFT) it is known that the ordering of the elementary
components of a system is achieved as a result of the
spontaneous breakdown of symmetry and constitutes the
observable manifestation of coherence (Blasone et al., 2011;
Fro¨hlich, 1977; Umezawa, 1993; Vitiello, 1998;). Ordering is
thus not the result of short-range forces, but of long-range
collective coherent correlation. The classical behavior of the
ordered pattern derives from the fact that in coherent states
the ratio between the quantum fluctuation Dn in the
correlation modes and their condensate number n is Dn/n = 1/|α| and quantum fluctuations are thus negligible for high |α|, which denotes the coherent strength. In the present case,
the symmetry which gets broken is the rotational symmetry of
the electrical dipoles of the water molecules and correlation
modes are the ones associated to the dipole waves (similar to
spin waves in ferromagnets) (Del Giudice et al., 1985, 1986).
We thus conclude that the observed properties of the
DNA–water system provide an indication of (may be
accounted by) the coherent molecular dynamics. The theoretical analysis based on quantum electrodynamics (QED)
shows (Montagnier et al., 2011) that liquid water appears to
behave as an active medium able to perform through very low
frequency electromagnetic fields (e.m.f.). Short-range H-bond
and electric dipole–dipole static interactions among liquid water molecules set in as the consequence of the molecule
interaction with time-dependent radiative e.m.f. over an
extended region called coherence domain (CD) (Bono et al.,
2012; Del Giudice and Vitiello, 2006; Del Giudice et al.,
1985, 1986, 1988). Short-range H-bond and electric dipole–
dipole static interactions are themselves the dynamical effects
caused by the most fundamental long-range molecular and
radiative e.m.f. interaction. This last one is thus responsible
for the dynamic origin of short-range interactions. This can be
better understood by recalling a few points of the discussion
presented in Montagnier et al. (2011).
Above a density threshold and below a critical temperature, an ensemble of molecules interacting with the e.m.f.
undergoes a transition to a dynamical regime characterized by
a minimum energy state where the phase oscillations of the
molecules are no longer uncorrelated. Such a minimum
energy state implies a configuration of the system where all
molecules enclosed within the CD oscillate in unison in tune
with the e.m.f. trapped within the CD (phase locking). The
linear size of the CD is determined by the wavelength λ of
the trapped e.m.f. (typically of the order of 100 nm).
The
dynamical mechanism ruling the CD formation is one of the
spontaneous breakdown of symmetry and it is described in
Del Giudice et al. (1985, 1986, 1988, 2010), Del Giudice and
Tedeschi (2009), and Del Giudice and Vitiello (2006). Its
mathematical formulation (Matsumoto et al., 1975) is similar
to one of the Anderson–Higgs–Kibble mechanisms
(Anderson, 1958; Higgs, 1966; Kibble, 1967) which has led
to the recent discovery of the Higgs particle. One important
aspect of such a general QFT mechanism is that the transition
to the coherent dynamical regime can be triggered by a
vanishingly weak external input. Due to the weakness of the
input, the system does not get ‘‘slaved’’ by it, but reacts to it
according to its own internal dynamics and, provided that the
mentioned conditions of temperature and density are satisfied,
the system sets in a coherent state, whose phase is determined
by the phase of the triggering input (Blasone et al., 2011;
Umezawa, 1993). Its coherence strength, however, does not
depend on the input strength2
. In the Appendix we will
comment on the question whether coherence is not destroyed
by, or theoretically incompatible with the decoherence
phenomenon in quantum mechanics (QM). This is an
important issue, which shows that the DNA transduction
process is indeed a quantum field theory process; it could not
be understood and described in QM, where the decoherence
phenomenon does in fact occur (Alfinito et al., 2001). Our
framework, however, is one of the QFTs.
These features already help us in understanding some of
the experimental observations. In particular, the observed
relevance of extremely low signal (ELS) in the phenomena
under study is immediately recognized. The stimulation
caused by the electromagnetic background of very low
frequency is indeed observed to be essential in order for the DNA–water system to emit the EMS. In the experiments, the
background ELS is either produced from natural sources
(the Schumann resonances which start at 7.83 Hz (Montagnier
et al., 2011; Nickolaenko and Hayakawa, 2002)) or from
artificial sources.
Note:
[2] We stress that a strong input may drive the system shielding its own
internal dynamics. In such a case, the symmetry is said to be explicitly
broken and one has a substantial modification of the original system by
inclusion of the strong perturbing agent. However, this is not what we are
interested in the present case, and in general in Biology, where small
perturbing inputs may trigger relevant reaction of the system driven by
its own internal dynamics.
The fragment of DNA embedded in the water also acts as a
trigger in the surrounding water, causing the spontaneous
formation of CDs, which appear as a self-produced cavity
with molecular coherence strength independent from the
specific input strength. However, there is ‘‘phase locking’’
between the specific DNA molecular structure and the water
molecules. Such a specific feature of the DNA–water coherent
coupling accounts for the experimental observations. In the
part of the experiment concerning the DNA transduction, the
dynamical phase locking is shared with pure water in a tube
when it is irradiated by the EMS emitted by the aqueous DNA
solution system. For brevity, we omit to report further
analysis of the interplay between the size of the CD, the e.m.f.
wavelength and the e.m.f. self-trapping and frequency inside
the CD. For the reader’s convenience, we report a brief
summary of some other features of CD discussed in
Montagnier et al. (2011) in the Appendix section.
The following question now naturally arises: Does the
EMS have any specific property related to the coherent
dynamical structure discussed above? The question is
particularly relevant because the emitted EMS, acting on
water molecular dynamics, produces coherent structures such
that in PCR processes the DNA transduction occurs with the
same nucleotide sequence similar to the parent DNA. The
answer to the question is provided by observing that the EMS
appears to carry not only the specific information of its
frequency spectrum, amplitude and phase modulation (the
syntactic level), but it also describes the dynamics out of
which it is generated. In other words, beside the syntactic
level of pure information (a` la Shannon), there is a semantic
content, which manifests itself in the underlying coherent
dynamics of the DNA–water system responsible of the
polymerization (highly ordered sequence) of hundreds of
nucleotides. We refer to such a semantic content as to the
‘‘meaning’’ of the EMS. In some recent papers it has been
shown that an isomorphism exists between (squeezed)
coherent states and self-similar fractal properties (Vitiello,
2009a,b, 2012, 2014). Here, for brevity we do not proceed
further with our analysis on this point. Results will be
presented elsewhere.
Earlier we have mentioned the mechanism of phase locking
and phase content in water molecular dynamics. Let us close
this section by stressing indeed the crucial role played by the
phase in the considered processes. Due to the relation between
phase and electromagnetic potential, non-trivial topological
properties, with associated BohmAharonov-like effects, have a
non-secondary part in the molecular dynamical properties of
water (see, e.g. Del Giudice et al. (2010) and Del Giudice and
Vitiello (2006) and discussions there reported). Such a remark
may turn out to be important when considering charge transfer
along the double helix, produced by oxidative agents observed
in Genereux and Barton (2010). The question if such a current
could contribute to the production of EMS may have an
affirmative answer since the charge transfer along the DNA
produces magnetic field in the surroundings. On the other hand, the oscillations of electric dipoles of the DNA macromolecule may propagate on the DNA in wave form to
contribute to the EMS emission. These EMS are considered
in Del Giudice et al. (1985, 1986), where it is shown that they
produce symmetry breakdown in the water in which the dipole
chain (DNA or protein chain) is embedded and the mathematical details of the proof are reported.
Finally, concerning the question 1 in the section ‘‘Water
nanostructures and EMS do carry DNA information’’ (how a
DNA polymerase, the TAQ polymerase of a thermophilic
bacterium, can ‘‘read’’ a genetic code on water structures),
the whole dynamical scenario above presented provides the
answer to it. It is a complex scenario founded on QFT of
coherent systems and is then not surprising that those who are
unaware of it could not conceive the positive answer, with all
of its complex but clear details, to that question.
Conclusion and perspectives
This 10-year long collaborative work has yielded some
scientific facts and concepts in a new domain of Science at
the frontier of Biology and quantum field Physics.
A new property of some DNA molecules has been
discovered, that of emitting low-frequency electromagnetic
waves in water dilutions. These DNAs originate from
pathogenic agents or agents endowed with pathogenic potential. It may not be pure coincidence that such EMS are
associated with diseases, particularly chronic diseases.
Under natural conditions, EMS and water nanostructures
may play a role of stealthy elements carrying DNA information of infectious agents while being undetected by the
immune system or being insensitive to conventional therapies
(Figure 6). However, one cannot discard the possibility that
DNA waves can play a role in the physiology of living
entities.
Moreover, in the laboratory, we have shown for the first
time that EMS can be re-transcribed into DNA in living cells.
These cells are so far of tumoral origin, opening the way to
non-invasive treatments of cancers, assuming that normal
stem cells are not affected, or less affected. Thus, this new
biology that we can call after Jacques Benveniste, Digital
Biology, has a very promising future, both at the level of
quantum Physics, and in numerous medical applications.
From the point of view of the theoretical understanding
of the observed phenomena, the above discussion suggests
that the dynamical law of coherence acts as a law of
form inducing guided polymerization processes (controlling morphogenesis): the specific polymerization so obtained is
the expression of the semantic content of the EMS mentioned
in the previous section, referred to as the signal meaning by
us. The dynamics of coherence appears to play the role of
dynamic paradigm ruling the ordering (polymerization)
processes through dissipative non-equilibrium dynamics
controlled by entropy variations and the consequent appearance of the arrow of time (breakdown of time-reversal
symmetry) (Celeghini et al., 1992; Vitiello, 2012, 2014).
Figure 6. An hypothetic scheme of the role of EMS in pathogenic DNA
amplification.
The experiments discussed in this paper suggest that also
in the usual PCR processes the DNA duplication is obtained
due to the EMS emitted by the parent DNA in the
environment of reciprocal interactions with water molecules,
enzymes, primers and nucleotides in the solution.
The EMS appears thus to be the carrier of the coherence
expressed in the DNA code. One might conjecture (Vitiello,
2014) that modifications are induced in the properties of the
EMS resulting in the ‘‘deformation’’3
of coherence (e.g. such
as those, but not only those, induced by the observed bacterial
actions; cf. section ‘‘Evidence that EMS emission depends on
specific modification of the DNA molecule’’). This may play
an important role in epigenetic modifications, thus revealing
the appearance of ‘‘new meanings’’ (in the above-mentioned
sense) associated to deformed properties of EMS. DNA
appears to be the vehicle through which coherence and its
dynamical deformations propagate in living matter (Vitiello,
2014).
Acknowledgments:
We thank Pr. E. Schutz, and Dr. H. Urnovitz, Chronix
Biomedical, for allowing transduction experiments in their
laboratory. Mrs. Laila Aı¨ssa is acknowledged for her skilled
technician assistance. Mrs. S. McDonnell is acknowledged for
her constant participation in the management of this work.
Declaration of interest:
The authors report no declarations of interest. Partial financial
support from MIUR and INFN is acknowledged.
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Appendix A: On some properties of water molecular
dynamics
One of the peculiarities of water consists in the fact that water molecules
in the CD coherently oscillate between the ground state and an excited
state lying at 12.06 eV, just below the 12.60 eV ionization threshold
(Bono et al., 2012; Montagnier et al., 2011). The almost free electrons in
the CD can be excited by external inputs to form coherent excitations
(vortices), whose entropy is lower than the entropy of the energy
supplied by the inputs. Vortices, due to coherence and their non-trivial
topology, are not easily destroyed by small, additional external supplies
of energy. On the contrary, additional energetic inputs may add up to
form a unique vortex, thus storing in the CDs an amount of energy which
may be large enough to activate chemical reactions among molecules,
otherwise below the activation energy threshold. Thus, small energy
contributions coming from many high entropy inputs add up to form low
entropy ordered patterns of upgraded high energy (Del Giudice et al.,
2010; Voeikov and Del Giudice, 2009).
An important remark is that DNA and proteins are polyelectrolytes,
and are surrounded by positive counterions. Ions having a cyclotron
frequency, Vc = qB/(2πm), where q and m are the electric charge and the
mass of the ion, respectively, and B is the magnetic field (Liboff, 1997;
Liboff et al., 1987), may play an important role in obtaining a collective
performance of water CDs, a coherence of coherent domains.
The
observed dependence of the signal emission on the aqueous dilution may
be understood (Montagnier et al., 2011) as follows: suppose that a low
magnetic field (e.g. a natural or artificially produced background
magnetic field) matches the ion cyclotron frequency; suppose it may be
then able to extract n ions per CD. Then, due to angular momentum
conservation, the plasma of N quasi-free electrons in the CDs starts to
counter-rotate with a frequency much higher than the ion cyclotron
frequency since electron mass is much smaller than the ion mass. This
frequency depends on the number of involved ions, namely on their
concentration, which therefore is the only relevant variable. This occurs
on all the CDs of the system, whose number is irrelevant for the
frequency purpose, in agreement with observations. The magnetic
component of EMS is produced by the so-induced rotation of the plasma
of the quasi-free electrons in the CDs. As a further effect, a co-resonating
field appears in the surroundings of the rotating CDs depending on the
ion concentration, i.e. on the DNA solution dilution. It could be at the
origin of an extended coherence among CDs. The existence of the
observed window of dilutions for the occurrence of the EMS emission
could be understood by presuming that the signal produced by the lower
dilutions could have a frequency higher than the interval of the values
detectable by the used instruments. Higher dilutions, on the contrary,
could produce no signal because the ion concentration is decreased
below the threshold able to excite the CDs (Montagnier et al., 2011).
We observe that thermal collisions could be in competition with
electrodynamic attraction of molecules inside the CD and produce
permanent fluxes of molecules between a coherent regime and a noncoherent one, and vice-versa, although the total number of coherent and
non-coherent molecules are constant for a given temperature T. Water is
thus not a homogeneous liquid, rather it appears as a two fluid system,
with coexisting coherent and non-coherent phases, like in the Landau
theory of liquid Helium (Landau and Lifshitz, 1959). We have thus a
mixed structure system, consistent also with experimental findings
(Taschin et al., 2013), which may appear in observations only when
observation time is very short with respect to the time of flickering
between the two phases. Near surfaces, the coherent phase may be more
stable due to the interaction between water molecules and the surface
(Pollack, 2001, 2013). For example, in living matter, water, which is
bound to membranes or to biomolecules, could more easily manifest the
properties of coherence.
Let us finally consider the question whether the phenomenon of
decoherence in quantum mechanics (QM) might contradict our analysis
based on the formation and non-vanishing life-time of coherent
structures in water. We remark that the belief that coherence is possible
only at very low temperatures is disproved by the fact that coherence is
observed in a wide range of temperature, from very low to very high
ones: the diamond crystal loses its coherence (it melts) at a temperature
of about +3545 C in the absence of oxygen; the common kitchen salt
NaCl melts at +804 C; in the iron the coherence of the elementary
magnets is lost at +770 C. In superconductors the critical temperature
Tc are much lower, in some compound of niobium they are not higher
than 252 C and for some high Tc superconductors it is a little above
153 C.
Also, the so-called BEC systems (which are mostly condensates of atoms) need very low temperatures and are not so stable. All
these systems are macroscopic systems and they are described in
quantum field theory in terms of coherent Bose–Einstein condensates.
The bosons that condense in a crystal are called the phonons, i.e. the
quanta of the elastic waves responsible of the ordering in crystals; in the
magnets, they are called the magnons, namely the quanta of the spin
waves in magnets; in the water, they are called ‘‘dipole wave quanta’’
(DWQ), the quanta of the fluctuating molecular dipole waves; and so on.
This teaches us that the ordered patterns we observe at a macroscopic
scale in these systems are sustained and generated by long-range
correlations maintained by these waves (Alfinito et al., 2001). One would
never be able to construct any of these systems using short-range
interaction among the nearest neighbors. Short-range interaction, if it is
there, is made possible by the long range one which brings ‘‘near’’ the
components (e.g. making possible the formation of H-bonds in water).
Decoherence in QM would forbid the existence of crystals, magnets,
superconductors, etc. However, these systems do exist and are observed
since they are QFT systems.
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